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We now perform choice shuffling ensembling by shuffling the order of answer choices for each test question, creating multiple variants of the same question. The LLM is then prompted with these variants, along with the corresponding few-shot exemplars, to generate reasoning steps and an answer for each variant. Finally, we perform a majority vote over the predictions from all variants and select the final prediction.
The code related to this implementation can be found at this github repo link.
We use the MedQA [6] dataset for implementing and evaluating Medprompt. We first define helper functions for parsing the jsonl files.
def write_jsonl_file(file_path, dict_list):
"""
Write a list of dictionaries to a JSON Lines file.Args:
- file_path (str): The path to the file where the data will be written.
- dict_list (list): A list of dictionaries to write to the file.
"""
with open(file_path, 'w') as file:
for dictionary in dict_list:
json_line = json.dumps(dictionary)
file.write(json_line + '\n')
def read_jsonl_file(file_path):
"""
Parses a JSONL (JSON Lines) file and returns a list of dictionaries.
Args:
file_path (str): The path to the JSONL file to be read.
Returns:
list of dict: A list where each element is a dictionary representing
a JSON object from the file.
"""
jsonl_lines = []
with open(file_path, 'r', encoding="utf-8") as file:
for line in file:
json_object = json.loads(line)
jsonl_lines.append(json_object)
return jsonl_lines
Implementing Self-Generated CoT
For our implementation, we utilize the training set from MedQA. We implement a zero-shot CoT prompt and process all the training questions. We use GPT-4o in our implementation. For each question, we generate the CoT and the corresponding answer. We define a prompt which is based on the template provided in the Medprompt paper.
system_prompt = """You are an expert medical professional. You are provided with a medical question with multiple answer choices.
Your goal is to think through the question carefully and explain your reasoning step by step before selecting the final answer.
Respond only with the reasoning steps and answer as specified below.
Below is the format for each question and answer:Input:
## Question: {{question}}
{{answer_choices}}
Output:
## Answer
(model generated chain of thought explanation)
Therefore, the answer is [final model answer (e.g. A,B,C,D)]"""
def build_few_shot_prompt(system_prompt, question, examples, include_cot=True):
"""
Builds the zero-shot prompt.Args:
system_prompt (str): Task Instruction for the LLM
content (dict): The content for which to create a query, formatted as
required by `create_query`.
Returns:
list of dict: A list of messages, including a system message defining
the task and a user message with the input question.
"""
messages = [{"role": "system", "content": system_prompt}]
for elem in examples:
messages.append({"role": "user", "content": create_query(elem)})
if include_cot:
messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": format_answer(elem["cot"], elem["answer_idx"])})
else:
answer_string = f"""## Answer\nTherefore, the answer is {elem["answer_idx"]}"""
messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": answer_string})
messages.append({"role": "user", "content": create_query(question)})
return messages
def get_response(messages, model_name, temperature = 0.0, max_tokens = 10):
"""
Obtains the responses/answers of the model through the chat-completions API.
Args:
messages (list of dict): The built messages provided to the API.
model_name (str): Name of the model to access through the API
temperature (float): A value between 0 and 1 that controls the randomness of the output.
A temperature value of 0 ideally makes the model pick the most likely token, making the outputs deterministic.
max_tokens (int): Maximum number of tokens that the model should generate
Returns:
str: The response message content from the model.
"""
response = client.chat.completions.create(
model=model_name,
messages=messages,
temperature=temperature,
max_tokens=max_tokens
)
return response.choices[0].message.content
We also define helper functions for parsing the reasoning and the final answer option from the LLM response.
def matches_ans_option(s):
"""
Checks if the string starts with the specific pattern 'Therefore, the answer is [A-Z]'.Args:
s (str): The string to be checked.
Returns:
bool: True if the string matches the pattern, False otherwise.
"""
return bool(re.match(r'^Therefore, the answer is [A-Z]', s))
def extract_ans_option(s):
"""
Extracts the answer option (a single capital letter) from the start of the string.
Args:
s (str): The string containing the answer pattern.
Returns:
str or None: The captured answer option if the pattern is found, otherwise None.
"""
match = re.search(r'^Therefore, the answer is ([A-Z])', s)
if match:
return match.group(1) # Returns the captured alphabet
return None
def matches_answer_start(s):
"""
Checks if the string starts with the markdown header '## Answer'.
Args:
s (str): The string to be checked.
Returns:
bool: True if the string starts with '## Answer', False otherwise.
"""
return s.startswith("## Answer")
def validate_response(s):
"""
Validates a multi-line string response that it starts with '## Answer' and ends with the answer pattern.
Args:
s (str): The multi-line string response to be validated.
Returns:
bool: True if the response is valid, False otherwise.
"""
file_content = s.split("\n")
return matches_ans_option(file_content[-1]) and matches_answer_start(s)
def parse_answer(response):
"""
Parses a response that starts with '## Answer', extracting the reasoning and the answer choice.
Args:
response (str): The multi-line string response containing the answer and reasoning.
Returns:
tuple: A tuple containing the extracted CoT reasoning and the answer choice.
"""
split_response = response.split("\n")
assert split_response[0] == "## Answer"
cot_reasoning = "\n".join(split_response[1:-1]).strip()
ans_choice = extract_ans_option(split_response[-1])
return cot_reasoning, ans_choice
We now process the que
stions in the training set of MedQA. We obtain CoT responses and answers for all questions and store them to a folder.
train_data = read_jsonl_file("data/phrases_no_exclude_train.jsonl")cot_responses = []
# os.mkdir("cot_responses")
existing_files = os.listdir("cot_responses/")
for idx, item in enumerate(tqdm(train_data)):
if str(idx) + ".txt" in existing_files:
continue
prompt = build_zero_shot_prompt(system_prompt, item)
try:
response = get_response(prompt, model_name="gpt-4o", max_tokens=500)
cot_responses.append(response)
with open(os.path.join("cot_responses", str(idx) + ".txt"), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(response)
except Exception as e :
print(str(e))
cot_responses.append("")
We now iterate across all the generated responses to check if they are valid and adhere to the prediction format defined in the prompt. We discard responses that do not conform to the required format. After that, we check the predicted answers against the ground truth for each question and only retain questions for which the predicted answers match the ground truth.
questions_dict = []
ctr = 0
for idx, question in enumerate(tqdm(train_data)):
file = open(os.path.join("cot_responses/", str(idx) + ".txt"), encoding="utf-8").read()
if not validate_response(file):
continuecot, pred_ans = parse_answer(file)
dict_elem = {}
dict_elem["idx"] = idx
dict_elem["question"] = question["question"]
dict_elem["answer"] = question["answer"]
dict_elem["options"] = question["options"]
dict_elem["cot"] = cot
dict_elem["pred_ans"] = pred_ans
questions_dict.append(dict_elem)
filtered_questions_dict = []
for item in tqdm(questions_dict):
pred_ans = item["options"][item["pred_ans"]]
if pred_ans == item["answer"]:
filtered_questions_dict.append(item)
Implementing the KNN model
Having processed the training set and obtained the CoT response for all these questions, we now embed all questions using the text-embedding-ada-002 from OpenAI.
def get_embedding(text, model="text-embedding-ada-002"):
return client.embeddings.create(input = [text], model=model).data[0].embeddingfor item in tqdm(filtered_questions_dict):
item["embedding"] = get_embedding(item["question"])
inv_options_map = {v:k for k,v in item["options"].items()}
item["answer_idx"] = inv_options_map[item["answer"]]
We now train a KNN model using these question embeddings. This acts as a retriever at inference time, as it helps us to retrieve similar datapoints from the training set that are most similar to the question from the test set.
import numpy as np
from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighborsembeddings = np.array([d["embedding"] for d in filtered_questions_dict])
indices = list(range(len(filtered_questions_dict)))
knn = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=5, algorithm='auto', metric='cosine').fit(embeddings)
Implementing the Dynamic Few-Shot and Choice Shuffling Ensemble Logic
We can now run inference. We subsample 500 questions from the MedQA test set for our evaluation. For each question, we retrieve the 5 most similar questions from the train set using the KNN module, along with their respective CoT reasoning steps and predicted answers. We construct a few-shot prompt using these examples.
For each question, we also shuffle the order of the options 5 times to create different variants. We then utilize the constructed few-shot prompt to get the predicted answer for each of the variants with shuffled options.
def shuffle_option_labels(answer_options):
"""
Shuffles the options of the question.Parameters:
answer_options (dict): A dictionary with the options.
Returns:
dict: A new dictionary with the shuffled options.
"""
options = list(answer_options.values())
random.shuffle(options)
labels = [chr(i) for i in range(ord('A'), ord('A') + len(options))]
shuffled_options_dict = {label: option for label, option in zip(labels, options)}
return shuffled_options_dict
test_samples = read_jsonl_file("final_processed_test_set_responses_medprompt.jsonl")for question in tqdm(test_samples, colour ="green"):
question_variants = []
prompt_variants = []
cot_responses = []
question_embedding = get_embedding(question["question"])
distances, top_k_indices = knn.kneighbors([question_embedding], n_neighbors=5)
top_k_dicts = [filtered_questions_dict[i] for i in top_k_indices[0]]
question["outputs"] = []
for idx in range(5):
question_copy = question.copy()
shuffled_options = shuffle_option_labels(question["options"])
inv_map = {v:k for k,v in shuffled_options.items()}
question_copy["options"] = shuffled_options
question_copy["answer_idx"] = inv_map[question_copy["answer"]]
question_variants.append(question_copy)
prompt = build_few_shot_prompt(system_prompt, question_copy, top_k_dicts)
prompt_variants.append(prompt)
for prompt in tqdm(prompt_variants):
response = get_response(prompt, model_name="gpt-4o", max_tokens=500)
cot_responses.append(response)
for question_sample, answer in zip(question_variants, cot_responses):
if validate_response(answer):
cot, pred_ans = parse_answer(answer)
else:
cot = ""
pred_ans = ""
question["outputs"].append({"question": question_sample["question"], "options": question_sample["options"], "cot": cot, "pred_ans": question_sample["options"].get(pred_ans, "")})
We now evaluate the results of Medprompt over the test set. For each question, we have five predictions generated through the ensemble logic. We take the mode, or most frequently occurring prediction, for each question as the final prediction and evaluate the performance. Two edge cases are possible here:
- Two different answer options are predicted two times each, with no clear winner.
- There is an error with the response generated, meaning that we don’t have a predicted answer option.
For both of these edge cases, we c
onsider the question to be wrongly answered by the LLM.
def find_mode_string_list(string_list):
"""
Finds the most frequently occurring strings.Parameters:
string_list (list of str): A list of strings.
Returns:
list of str or None: A list containing the most frequent string(s) from the input list.
Returns None if the input list is empty.
"""
if not string_list:
return None
string_counts = Counter(string_list)
max_freq = max(string_counts.values())
mode_strings = [string for string, count in string_counts.items() if count == max_freq]
return mode_strings
ctr = 0
for item in test_samples:
pred_ans = [x["pred_ans"] for x in item["outputs"]]
freq_ans = find_mode_string_list(pred_ans)
if len(freq_ans) > 1:
final_prediction = ""
else:
final_prediction = freq_ans[0]
if final_prediction == item["answer"]:
ctr +=1
print(ctr / len(test_samples))
We evaluate the performance of Medprompt with GPT-4o in terms of accuracy on the MedQA test subset. Additionally, we benchmark the performance of Zero-shot prompting, Random Few-Shot prompting, and Random Few-Shot with CoT prompting.
We observe that Medprompt and Random Few-Shot CoT prompting outperform the Zero and Few-Shot prompting baselines. However, surprisingly, we notice that Random Few-Shot CoT outperforms our Medprompt performance. This could be due to a couple of reasons:
- The original Medprompt paper benchmarked the performance of GPT-4. We observe that GPT-4o outperforms GPT-4T and GPT-4 on various text benchmarks significantly (https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/), indicating that Medprompt could have a lesser effect on a stronger model like GPT-4o.
- We restrict our evaluation to 500 questions subsampled from MedQA. The Medprompt paper evaluates other Medical MCQA datasets and the full version of MedQA. Evaluating GPT-4o on the complete versions of the datasets could give a better picture of the overall performance.
Medprompt is an interesting framework for creating sophisticated prompting pipelines, particularly for adapting a generalist LLM to a specific domain without the need for fine-tuning. It also highlights the considerations involved in deciding between prompting and fine-tuning for various use cases. Exploring how far prompting can be pushed to enhance LLM performance is important, as it offers a resource and cost-efficient alternative to fine-tuning.
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[2] Wei, J., Wang, X., Schuurmans, D., Bosma, M., Xia, F., Chi, E., … & Zhou, D. (2022). Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35, 24824–24837. (https://openreview.net/pdf?id=_VjQlMeSB_J)
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